Mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of the diamondbearing formations of the Bulkur anticline, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Abstract
The article shows the results of mineralogical and petrographic studies of diamond-bearing Late Triassic tuffs, tuff gritstones, and tuff sandstones of the Bulkur member, differing in the amount of volcanogenic material into tuffs, orthoand paratuffites. The tuffs were formed as a result of phreatomagmatic eruptions during the Carnian in the Primorsky deep faults zone. Tuffs and orthotuffites contain outstanding pyrope concentrations with a small amount of diamond-bearing dunite-harzburgite parageneses and a high content of diamondbearing eclogites. For the first time, information about the MIC kelyphitic rims and widespread hypergene mineralization in the rocks is given. The presence of a considerable number of garnet megacrystals suggests the possible discovery of large diamond crystals, which will have a positive effect on the raw materials cost.
About the Authors
S. A. Grakhanov
PJSC «ALMAR Arctic Diamonds»;
All-Russian Geological Research Institute of A. P. Karpinsky
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Grakhanov Sergey Aleksandrovich – Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Chief Geologist, PJSC «ALMAR Arctic Diamonds»; Leading Researcher, Karpinsky Institute
8/2 Chernyshevskogo, Yakutsk, Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Russia, 677000;
74 Sredny Pr., St. Petersburg, Russia, 199106
M. N. Goloburdina
All-Russian Geological Research Institute of A. P. Karpinsky
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Goloburdina Marina Nikolaevna – Leading Geologist, Karpinsky Institute
74 Sredny Pr., St. Petersburg, Russia, 199106
A. S. Ivanov
Empress Catherine II Saint Petersburg Mining University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Ivanov Aleksandr Sergeevich – Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Leading Reearcher, Saint Petersburg Mining University
2 21st Line, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199106
I. V. Aschepkov
V. S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Aschepkov Igor Viktorovich – Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Senior Researcher, IGM SB RAS
3 pr. Akademika Koptyuga, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.
References
1. Antipin I. I. Sovershenstvovanie metodicheskih priemov obnaruzhenija i lokalizacii oreolov indikatornyh mineralov pri poiskah pogrebennyh kimberlitovyh tel. Avtoref. diss. kand. geol.-mineral. nauk. Mirnyj, 1998, 20 p.
2. Berezner O. S., Egorov A. Ju., Cherenkov V. G. Genezis almazov iz triasovyh kollektorov v nizov'jah r. Lena. Rudy i metally, 2016, no. 4, pp. 80–93.
3. Van A. V., Kazanskij Ju. P. Vulkanoklasticheskij material v osadkah i osadochnyh porodah. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1985, 126 p.
4. Gerni Dzh. Dzh., Mur R. O. Geohimicheskaja korreljacija mezhdu mineralami kimberlitov i almazami Kratona Kalahari. Geologija i geofizika, 1994, pp. 12–24.
5. Gibsher A. A., Mal'kovec V. G., Kuz'min D. S. Granaty iz trubki Majskaja Nakynskogo kimberlitovogo polja. eologija i mineral'no-syr'evye resursy Severo-Vostoka Rossii: materialy XI Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, 5–7 April 2021. Jakutsk, Izd. dom SVFU, 2021, pp. 283–285.
6. Goloburdina M. N., Grakhanov S. A., Proskurnin V. F. Osobennosti petrograficheskogo sostava almazonosnykh karniyskikh obrazovaniy Bulkurskoy antiklinali severo-vostoka Sibirskoy platformy. Litosfera, 2023, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 654–671.
7. Grakhanov S. A., Zinchuk N. N., Sobolev N. V. Vozrast prognoziruemykh korennykh istochnikov almazov na Severo-Vostoke Sibirskoy platformy. Dokl. RAN, 2015, vol. 465, no. 6, pp. 715–719.
8. Grakhanov S. A., Koptil’ V. I. Triasovye paleorossypi almazov severo-vostoka Sibirskoy platformy. Geologiya i geofizika, 2003, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 1191–1201.
9. Grahanov S. A., Malanin Ju. A., Pavlov V. I., Afanas'ev V. P., Pohilenko N. P., Gerasimchuk A. V., Lipashova A. N. Rjetskie rossypi almazov Sibiri. Geologija i geofizika, 2010a, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 160–170.
10. Grahanov S. A., Smelov A. P., Egorov K. N., Golubev Ju. K. Osadochno-vulkanogennaja priroda osnovanija karnijskogo jarusa – istochnika almazov severo-vostoka Sibirskoj platformy. Otechestvennaja geologija, 2010, no. 5, pp. 3–12.
11. Grakhanov S. A., Smelov A. P. Vozrast prognoziruemykh korennykh istochnikov almazov na severe Yakutii. Otechestvennaya geologiya, 2011, no. 5, pp. 56–64.
12. Grahanov S. A., Smelov A. P., Pomazanskij B. S., Egorov K. N. Almazonosnye jurskie otlozhenija severovostoka Sibirskoj platformy. Otechestvennaja geologija, 2013, no. 5, pp. 73–80.
13. Grahanov S. A., Molotkov A. E., Olejnikov O. B., Pavlushin A. D. Tipomorfizm i izotopija almazov triasovyh tuffitov Bulkurskoj antiklinali. Otechestvennaja geologija, 2015, no. 5, pp. 16–22.
14. Grahanov S. A., Proskurnin V. F., Petrov O. V., Sobolev N. V. Almazonosnye tufogenno-osadochnye porody triasa arkticheskoj zony Sibiri. Geologija i geofizika, 2022, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 550–578.
15. Zezekalo M. Yu., Antonova T. A. Osobennosti kimberlitov i granatov trubki Nyurbinskaya. Materialy Rossiyskogo mineralogicheskogo obshchestva. Vol. 1. St. Petersburg, 2010, pp. 54–56.
16. Zinchuk N. N., Koptil’ V. I. Tipomorfizm almazov Sibirskoy platformy. Moscow, Nedra, 2003, 603 p.
17. Ivanov A. S. Novyy kriteriy almazonosnosti kimberlitov. Trudy XII Vserosciyskoy (s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem) Fersmanovskoy sessii. Apatity, KNTs RAN, 2015, pp. 268–270.
18. Ivanov A. S. Statisticheskiy analiz sostavov indikatornykh mineralov kimberlitov. Trudy XIV Vserossiyskoy (s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem) Nauchnoy shkoly «Matematicheskie issledovaniya v estestvennykh naukakh». Apatity, 2017, pp. 173–182.
19. Letnikova E. F., Lobanov S. S., Pokhilenko N. P., Izokh A. E., Nikolenko E. I. Istochniki postupleniya oblomochnogo materiala v karniyskiy almazonosnyy gorizont severo-vostoka Sibirskoy platformy. Dokl. RAN, 2013, vol. 451, no. 2, pp. 193–196.
20. Nikolenko E. I., Logvinova A. M., Izoh A. Je. Afanas'ev V. P., Olejnikov O. B., Biller A. Ja. Associacija hromshpinelidov iz verhnetriasovyh gravelitov severo-vostoka Sibirskoj platformy. Geologija i geofizika, 2018, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 1680–1701
21. Orlov Yu. L. Mineralogiya almaza. 2-e izd. Moscow, Nauka, 1984, 264 p.
22. Pavlushin A. D., Grakhanov S. A., Smelov A. P. Parageneticheskie assotsiatsii mineralov na poverkhnosti kristallov almaza iz otlozheniy karniyskogo yarusa severo-vostoka Sibirskoy platformy. Otechestvennaya geologiya, 2010, no. 5, pp. 45–51.
23. Pavlushin A. D., Grakhanov S. A., Oleynikov O. B., Novgorodov A. N. Nakhodki almazov III raznovidnosti v karniyskikh tufakh Bulkurskoy antiklinali. Materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii. Yakutsk, Izd. dom SVFU, 2016, pp. 255–258.
24. Proskurnin V. F., Romanov A. P., Petrov O. V., Sergeev S. A., Proskurnina M. A., Vinogradova N. P., Remizov D. N., Bogomolov E. S. Vozrast almazonosnyh al'neitov Tajmyra. V sb. «Geologija i mineral'no-syr'evye resursy Severo-Vostoka Rossii»: materialy XIII Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, 21–24 March 2023 g. Jakutsk, Izdatel'skij dom SVFU, 2023, pp. 234–239.
25. Selivanova V. V. Tipomorfizm almaza i ego mineralov-sputnikov iz pribrezhno-morskikh triasovykh rossypey severnogo Verkhoyan’ya. Avtoref. diss. kand. geol.-mineral. nauk. Moscow, 1991, 20 p.
26. Sobolev N. V. O mineralogicheskikh kriteriyakh almazonosnosti kimberlitov. Geologiya i geofizika, 1971, no. 3, pp. 70–80.
27. Sobolev N. V., Logvinova A. M., Efimova E. S. Vklyucheniya eklogitovykh granatov, obogashchennykh margantsem, v almazakh: svidetel’stvo retsiklirovaniya zemnoy kory. Dokl. RAN, 2013a, vol. 453, no. 3, pp. 326–328.
28. Sobolev N. V., Logvinova A. M., Nikolenko E. I., Lobanov S. S. Mineralogicheskie kriterii almazonosnosti verhnetriasovyh rossypej severo-vostochnoj okrainy sibirskoj platformy. Geologija i geofizika, 2013b, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1162–1178.
29. Sobolev N. V., Sobolev A. V., Tomilenko A. A. et al. Perspektivy poiskov almazonosnykh kimberlitov v severovostochnoy chasti Sibirskoy platformy. Geologiya i geofizika, 2018, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 1701–1719.
30. Shatalov V. I., Grahanov S. A., Egorov A. N., Saf'jannikov Ju. V. Novyj promyshlennyj tip rossypej almazov v Jakutskoj almazonosnoj provincii. Otechestvennaja geologija, 2002, no. 4, pp. 15–19.
31. Shackij V. S., Zedgenizov D. A., Ragozin A. L. Svidetel'stva prisutstvija subdukcionnogo komponenta v almazonosnoj mantii Sibirskogo kratona. Geologija i geofizika, 2016, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 143–162.
32. Ashchepkov I. V., Pokhilenko N. P., Vladykin N. V., Logvinova A. M., Kostrovitsky S. I., Afanasiev V. P., Pokhilenko L. N., Kuligin S. S., Malygina L. V., Alymova N. V., Khmelnikova O. S., Palessky S. V., Nikolaeva I. V., Karpenko M. A., Stagnitsky Y. B. Structure and evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath Siberian craton, thermobarometric study. Tectonophysics, 2010, vol. 485, pp. 17–41.
33. Ashchepkov I. V., Vladykin N. V., Ntaflos T., Downes H., Mitchell R., Smelov A. P., Alymova N. V., Kostrovitsky S. I., Rotman A. Ya, Smarov G. P., Makovchuk I. V., Stegnitsky Yu. B., Nigmatulina E. N., Khmelnikova O. S. Regularities and mechanism of formation of the mantle lithosphere structure beneath the Siberian Craton in comparison with other cratons. Gondwana Research, 2013, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 4–24.
34. Ashchepkov I. V., Ntaflos T., Logvinova A. M., Spetsius Z. V., Vladykin N. V. Monomineral universal clinopyroxene and garnet barometers for peridotitic, eclogitic and basaltic systems. Geoscience Frontiers, 2017, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 775–795.
35. Ashchepkov I. V., Vladykin N. V., Ivanov A., Babushkina S., Vavilov M., Medvedev N. Problems of Mantle Structure and Compositions of Various Terranes of Siberian Craton. In: Vladykin N. (eds) Alkaline Rocks, Kimberlites and Carbonatites: Geochemistry and Genesis. Springer Proceedings Earth Environmental Sciences. Springer, Cham. 2021, pp. 15–48.
36. Ashchepkov I. V., Logvinova A. M, Spetsius Z. V., Downes H., Ntaflos T., Ivanov A. S. Zinchenko V. N., Kostrovitsky S. I., Ovchinnikov Y. I. Eclogite varieties and their positions in the cratonic mantle lithosphere beneath Siberian craton and Archean cratons worldwide. Minerals, 2022, vol. 12, no. 11, iss. 1353.
37. Ashchepkov I. V., Logvinova A. M., Spetsius Z. V., Downes H. 2022. Thermobarometry of diamond inclusions: Mantle structure and evolution beneath Archean cratons and mobile belts worldwide. Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 2022, vol. 2, no. 2, iss. 100156.
38. Day H. W. A revised diamond-graphite transition curve. American Mineralogist, 2012, vol. 97, pp. 52–62.
39. Dawson J. B., Stephens W. E. Statistical classification of garnets from kimberlites and xenoliths. J. Geol., 1975, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 589–607.
40. Davies R. M., Griffin W. L., Oʼ Reilly S. Y., Doyle B. J. Mineral inclusions and geochemical characteristics of microdiamonds from the DO27, A154, A21, A418, DO18, DD17 and Ranch Lake kimberlites at Lac de Gras, Slave Craton, Canada. Special Issue: Selected papers from the 8th IKC, Victoria, BC, Canada, 22–27 June 2003, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 39–55.
41. Davies R. M., Griffin W.L., Oʼ Reilly S. Y., McCandless T. E. Inclusions in diamonds from the K14 and K10 kimberlites, Buffalo Hills, Alberta, Canada: diamond growth in a plume?. Lithos. Vol. 77. Special Issue: Selected papers from the 8th IKC, Victoria, BC, Canada, 22–27 June 2003, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 99–111.
42. Griffin W. L., Ryan C. G. Trace elements in indicator minerals: Area selection and target evaluation in diamond exploration. J. Geochem. Explor., 1995, vol. 53, pp. 311–337.
43. Gudmundsson G., Wood B. J. Experimental tests of garnet peridotite oxygen barometry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1995, vol. 119, pp. 56–67.
44. Gurney J. J., Zweistra P. The interpretation of the major element compositions of mantle minerals in diamond exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 1995, no. 53, pp. 293–309.
45. Kennedy C. S., Kennedy G. C. The equilibrium boundary between graphite and diamond. J. Geophys. Res., 1976, vol. 81, pp. 2467–2470.
46. Krogh E. J. The garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg geothermometer – a reinterpretation of existing experimental data. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 1988, vol. 99, pp. 44–48.
47. Lepekhina E. N., Rotman A. Y., Antonov A. V., Sergeev S. A. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of Yakutian kimberlite pipes. 9th IKC, Frankfurt, 2008. Extended Abstracts, no. 9.
48. Nimis P., Taylor W. Single clinopyroxene thermobarometry for garnet peridotites. Part I. Calibration and testing of a Cr-in-Cpx barometer and an enstatite-in-Cpx thermometer Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 2000, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 541–554.
49. O’Neill H. St. C., Wood B. J. An experimental study of Fe-Mg–partitioning between garnet and olivine and its calibration as a geothermometer. Contributions Mineralogy and Petrology, 1979, vol. 70, pp. 59–70.
50. Pearson D. G. The age of continental roots. Lithos, 1999, vol. 48, pp. 171–194.
51. Pearson D. G., Snyder G. A., Shirey S. B., Taylor L. A., Carlson R. W., Sobolev N. V. Archaean Re-Os age for Siberian eclogites and constraints on Archaean tectonics. Nature, 2005, vol. 374, pp. 711–713.
52. Phillips D., Harris J. W., Viljoen K. S. Mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of inclusions from De Beers Pool diamonds, Kimberley, South Africa. Lithos. Vol. 77. Special Issue: Selected papers from the 8th IKC, Victoria, BC, Canada, 22–27 June 2003, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 155–179..
53. Ryan C. G., Griffin W. L., Pearson N. J. Garnet geotherms: Pressure-temperature data from Cr-pyrope garnet xenocrysts in volcanic rocks. J. Geophysical Research, 1996, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 5611–5625.
54. Shatsky V. S., Zedgenizov D. A., Ragozin A. L., Kalinina V. V. Diamondiferous subcontinental lithospheric mantle of the northeastern Siberian Craton: Evidence from mineral inclusions in alluvial diamonds. Gondwana Research, 2015, vol. 28, pp. 106–120.
55. Schulze D. J. A classification scheme for mantle-derived garnets in kimberlite: a tool for investigating the mantle and exploring for diamonds. Lithos, 2003, vol. 71, pp. 195–213.
56. Skuzovatov S., Shatsky V. S., Ragozin A. L., Smelov A. P. The evolution of refertilized lithospheric mantle beneath the northeastern Siberian craton: Links between mantle metasomatism, thermal state and diamond potential. Geoscience Frontiers, 2022, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 101455.
57. Sobolev N. V. Deep-Seated Inclusions in Kimberlites and the Problem of the Composition of the Upper Mantle. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 1977, 279 p.
58. Zedgenizov D., Rubatto D., Shatsky V., Ragozin A., Kalinina V. Eclogitic diamonds from variable crustal protoliths in the northeastern Siberian craton: trace elements and coupled δ13C–δ18O signatures in diamonds and garnet inclusions. Chem. Geol., 2016, vol. 422, pp. 46–59.
Review
For citations:
Grakhanov S.A., Goloburdina M.N., Ivanov A.S., Aschepkov I.V. Mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of the diamondbearing formations of the Bulkur anticline, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Regional Geology and Metallogeny. 2024;(98):41-63. (In Russ.)
Views:
11
Email this article 